In the D5h Point Group, with orientation Zy there are the following symmetry operations
Operator | Orientation |
---|---|
E | {0,0,0} , |
C5 | {0,0,1} , {0,0,−1} , |
C25 | {0,0,1} , {0,0,−1} , |
C2 | {0,1,0} , {−√5+2√5,1,0} , {1,√1+2√5,0} , {1,−√1+2√5,0} , {√5+2√5,1,0} , |
σh | {0,0,1} , |
S5 | {0,0,1} , {0,0,−1} , |
S35 | {0,0,1} , {0,0,−1} , |
σv | {1,0,0} , {1,√5+2√5,0} , {−√1+2√5,1,0} , {√1+2√5,1,0} , {1,−√5+2√5,0} , |
E(1) | C5(2) | C25(2) | C2(5) | σh(1) | S5(2) | S35(2) | σv(5) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A′1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
A″1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
A′2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 |
A″2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 |
E′1 | 2 | 12(−1+√5) | 12(−1−√5) | 0 | 2 | 12(−1+√5) | 12(−1−√5) | 0 |
E″1 | 2 | 12(−1+√5) | 12(−1−√5) | 0 | −2 | 12(1−√5) | 12(1+√5) | 0 |
E′2 | 2 | 12(−1−√5) | 12(−1+√5) | 0 | 2 | 12(−1−√5) | 12(−1+√5) | 0 |
E″2 | 2 | 12(−1−√5) | 12(−1+√5) | 0 | −2 | 12(1+√5) | 12(1−√5) | 0 |
A′1 | A″1 | A′2 | A″2 | E′1 | E″1 | E′2 | E″2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A′1 | A′1 | A″1 | A′2 | A″2 | E′1 | E″1 | E′2 | E″2 |
A″1 | A″1 | A′1 | A″2 | A′2 | E″1 | E′1 | E″2 | E′2 |
A′2 | A′2 | A″2 | A′1 | A″1 | E′1 | E″1 | E′2 | E″2 |
A″2 | A″2 | A′2 | A″1 | A′1 | E″1 | E′1 | E″2 | E′2 |
E′1 | E′1 | E″1 | E′1 | E″1 | A′1+A′2+E′2 | A″1+A″2+E″2 | E′1+E′2 | E″1+E″2 |
E″1 | E″1 | E′1 | E″1 | E′1 | A″1+A″2+E″2 | A′1+A′2+E′2 | E″1+E″2 | E′1+E′2 |
E′2 | E′2 | E″2 | E′2 | E″2 | E′1+E′2 | E″1+E″2 | A′1+A′2+E′1 | A″1+A″2+E″1 |
E″2 | E″2 | E′2 | E″2 | E′2 | E″1+E″2 | E′1+E′2 | A″1+A″2+E″1 | A′1+A′2+E′1 |
Any potential (function) can be written as a sum over spherical harmonics. V(r,θ,ϕ)=∞∑k=0k∑m=−kAk,m(r)C(m)k(θ,ϕ) Here Ak,m(r) is a radial function and C(m)k(θ,ϕ) a renormalised spherical harmonics. C(m)k(θ,ϕ)=√4π2k+1Y(m)k(θ,ϕ) The presence of symmetry induces relations between the expansion coefficients such that V(r,θ,ϕ) is invariant under all symmetry operations. For the D5h Point group with orientation Zy the form of the expansion coefficients is:
Ak,m={A(0,0)k=0∧m=0A(2,0)k=2∧m=0A(4,0)k=4∧m=0iB(5,5)k=5∧(m=−5∨m=5)A(6,0)k=6∧m=0
Akm[k_,m_]:=Piecewise[{{A[0, 0], k == 0 && m == 0}, {A[2, 0], k == 2 && m == 0}, {A[4, 0], k == 4 && m == 0}, {I*B[5, 5], k == 5 && (m == -5 || m == 5)}, {A[6, 0], k == 6 && m == 0}}, 0]
Akm = {{0, 0, A(0,0)} , {2, 0, A(2,0)} , {4, 0, A(4,0)} , {5,-5, (I)*(B(5,5))} , {5, 5, (I)*(B(5,5))} , {6, 0, A(6,0)} }
The operator representing the potential in second quantisation is given as: O=∑n″,l″,m″,n′,l′,m′⟨ψn″,l″,m″(r,θ,ϕ)|V(r,θ,ϕ)|ψn′,l′,m′(r,θ,ϕ)⟩a†n″,l″,m″a†n′,l′,m′ For the quantisation of the wave-function (physical meaning of the indices n,l,m) we can choose a basis of spherical harmonics times some radial function, i.e. ψn,l,m(r,θ,ϕ)=Rn,l(r)Y(l)m(θ,ϕ). With this choice the integral for the expectation value in front of the creation and annihilation operators separates into a radial part and angular part. The angular part has an analytical solution, the radial integral is cast int a parameter. An″l″,n′l′(k,m)=⟨Rn″,l″|Ak,m(r)|Rn′,l′⟩ Note the difference between the function Ak,m and the parameter An″l″,n′l′(k,m)
we can express the operator as O=∑n″,l″,m″,n′,l′,m′,k,mAn″l″,n′l′(k,m)⟨Y(m″)l″(θ,ϕ)|C(m)k(θ,ϕ)|Y(m′)l′(θ,ϕ)⟩a†n″,l″,m″a†n′,l′,m′
The table below shows the expectation value of O on a basis of spherical harmonics. We suppressed the principle quantum number indices. Note that in principle Al″,l′(k,m) can be complex. Instead of allowing complex parameters we took Al″,l′(k,m)+IBl″,l′(k,m) (with both A and B real) as the expansion parameter.
Y(0)0 | Y(1)−1 | Y(1)0 | Y(1)1 | Y(2)−2 | Y(2)−1 | Y(2)0 | Y(2)1 | Y(2)2 | Y(3)−3 | Y(3)−2 | Y(3)−1 | Y(3)0 | Y(3)1 | Y(3)2 | Y(3)3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y(0)0 | Ass(0,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Asd(2,0)√5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(1)−1 | 0 | App(0,0)−15App(2,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35√27Apf(2,0)−13√27Apf(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(1)0 | 0 | 0 | App(0,0)+25App(2,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35√37Apf(2,0)+4Apf(4,0)3√21 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(1)1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | App(0,0)−15App(2,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35√27Apf(2,0)−13√27Apf(4,0) | 0 | 0 |
Y(2)−2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Add(0,0)−27Add(2,0)+121Add(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −511i√23Bdf(5,5) |
Y(2)−1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Add(0,0)+17Add(2,0)−421Add(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(2)0 | Asd(2,0)√5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Add(0,0)+27Add(2,0)+27Add(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(2)1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Add(0,0)+17Add(2,0)−421Add(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(2)2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Add(0,0)−27Add(2,0)+121Add(4,0) | −511i√23Bdf(5,5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(3)−3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 511i√23Bdf(5,5) | Aff(0,0)−13Aff(2,0)+111Aff(4,0)−5429Aff(6,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(3)−2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)−733Aff(4,0)+10143Aff(6,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(3)−1 | 0 | 35√27Apf(2,0)−13√27Apf(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)+15Aff(2,0)+133Aff(4,0)−25143Aff(6,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(3)0 | 0 | 0 | 35√37Apf(2,0)+4Apf(4,0)3√21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)+415Aff(2,0)+211Aff(4,0)+100429Aff(6,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Y(3)1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35√27Apf(2,0)−13√27Apf(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)+15Aff(2,0)+133Aff(4,0)−25143Aff(6,0) | 0 | 0 |
Y(3)2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)−733Aff(4,0)+10143Aff(6,0) | 0 |
Y(3)3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 511i√23Bdf(5,5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)−13Aff(2,0)+111Aff(4,0)−5429Aff(6,0) |
Instead of a basis of spherical harmonics one can chose any other basis, which is given by a unitary transformation. Here we choose a rotation that simplifies the representation of the crystal field
Y(0)0 | Y(1)−1 | Y(1)0 | Y(1)1 | Y(2)−2 | Y(2)−1 | Y(2)0 | Y(2)1 | Y(2)2 | Y(3)−3 | Y(3)−2 | Y(3)−1 | Y(3)0 | Y(3)1 | Y(3)2 | Y(3)3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
s | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
py | 0 | i√2 | 0 | i√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
pz | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
px | 0 | 1√2 | 0 | −1√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
dxy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | i√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −i√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
dyz | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | i√2 | 0 | i√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
d3z2−r2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
dxz | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1√2 | 0 | −1√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
dx2−y2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
fy(3x2−y2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | i√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | i√2 |
fxyz | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | i√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −i√2 | 0 |
fy(5z2−r2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | i√2 | 0 | i√2 | 0 | 0 |
fz(5z2−3r2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
fx(5z2−r2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1√2 | 0 | −1√2 | 0 | 0 |
fz(x2−y2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1√2 | 0 |
fx(x2−3y2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1√2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1√2 |
After rotation we find
s | py | pz | px | dxy | dyz | d3z2−r2 | dxz | dx2−y2 | fy(3x2−y2) | fxyz | fy(5z2−r2) | fz(5z2−3r2) | fx(5z2−r2) | fz(x2−y2) | fx(x2−3y2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
s | Ass(0,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Asd(2,0)√5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
py | 0 | App(0,0)−15App(2,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35√27Apf(2,0)−13√27Apf(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
pz | 0 | 0 | App(0,0)+25App(2,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35√37Apf(2,0)+4Apf(4,0)3√21 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
px | 0 | 0 | 0 | App(0,0)−15App(2,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35√27Apf(2,0)−13√27Apf(4,0) | 0 | 0 |
dxy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Add(0,0)−27Add(2,0)+121Add(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 511√23Bdf(5,5) |
dyz | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Add(0,0)+17Add(2,0)−421Add(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
d3z2−r2 | Asd(2,0)√5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Add(0,0)+27Add(2,0)+27Add(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
dxz | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Add(0,0)+17Add(2,0)−421Add(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
dx2−y2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Add(0,0)−27Add(2,0)+121Add(4,0) | 511√23Bdf(5,5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
fy(3x2−y2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 511√23Bdf(5,5) | Aff(0,0)−13Aff(2,0)+111Aff(4,0)−5429Aff(6,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
fxyz | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)−733Aff(4,0)+10143Aff(6,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
fy(5z2−r2) | 0 | 35√27Apf(2,0)−13√27Apf(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)+15Aff(2,0)+133Aff(4,0)−25143Aff(6,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
fz(5z2−3r2) | 0 | 0 | 35√37Apf(2,0)+4Apf(4,0)3√21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)+415Aff(2,0)+211Aff(4,0)+100429Aff(6,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
fx(5z2−r2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35√27Apf(2,0)−13√27Apf(4,0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)+15Aff(2,0)+133Aff(4,0)−25143Aff(6,0) | 0 | 0 |
fz(x2−y2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)−733Aff(4,0)+10143Aff(6,0) | 0 |
fx(x2−3y2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 511√23Bdf(5,5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aff(0,0)−13Aff(2,0)+111Aff(4,0)−5429Aff(6,0) |
Although the parameters Al″,l′(k,m) uniquely define the potential, there is no simple relation between these paramters and the eigenstates of the potential. In this section we replace the parameters Al″,l′(k,m) by paramters that relate to the eigen energies of the potential acting on or between two shells with angular momentum l″ and l′.
Click on one of the subsections to expand it or
Click on one of the subsections to expand it or
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Nonaxial groups | C1 | Cs | Ci | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cn groups | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 |
Dn groups | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 |
Cnv groups | C2v | C3v | C4v | C5v | C6v | C7v | C8v |
Cnh groups | C2h | C3h | C4h | C5h | C6h | ||
Dnh groups | D2h | D3h | D4h | D5h | D6h | D7h | D8h |
Dnd groups | D2d | D3d | D4d | D5d | D6d | D7d | D8d |
Sn groups | S2 | S4 | S6 | S8 | S10 | S12 | |
Cubic groups | T | Th | Td | O | Oh | I | Ih |
Linear groups | C\inftyv | D\inftyh |